Hatshepsut was one of the most prominent female figures in Egyptian history, establishing new trade routes and undertaking ambitious building projects before ᴅʏɪɴɢ in her 50s in 1458BC after a reign of nearly two decades.
The widowed queen of the pharaoh Thutmose II, she was made regent after his ᴅᴇᴀᴛʜ, according to custom, in 1479BC to rule for her young stepson, Thutmose III, until he came of age.
Within a few years, however, she proclaimed herself pharaoh. She was also discovered by Carter, in 1902, but her sarcophagus, unlike Tutankhamun’s, was empty.
Carter unearthed a separate tomb that contained two coffins – one of the queen’s wet nurse and another of an unidentified woman. In 2006, Egyptian archaeologist and former Minister of State for Antiquities Affairs Zahi Hawass and his team sought to determine whether the other woman could be the missing queen.
DNA bone samples taken from the ᴍᴜᴍᴍʏ’s pelvic bone and femur are being compared to the ᴍᴜᴍᴍʏ of Queen Hatshepsut’s grandmother, Amos Nefreteri, said Egyptian molecular geneticist Yehia Zakaria Gad, who was part of Hawass’ team.
While scientists are still matching those mitochondrial DNA sequences, Gad said that preliminary results were “very encouraging.” Hawass also said that a molar tooth found in a jar with some of the queen’s embalmed organs perfectly matched the ᴍᴜᴍᴍʏ. “We are 100 percent certain” the ᴍᴜᴍᴍʏ belongs to Hatshepsut, Hawass told The Associated Press.
Hawass has led the search for Hatshepsut since a year ago, setting up a DNA lab in the basement of the Cairo Museum with an international team of scientists. The study was funded by the Discovery channel, which is to broadcast an exclusive documentary on it in July.
Molecular biologist Scott Woodward, director of the Sorenson Molecular Genealogy Foundation in Salt Lake City, was cautious ahead of Wednesday’s announcement.
“It’s a very difficult process to obtain DNA from a ᴍᴜᴍᴍʏ,” said Woodward, who has done DNA research on mummies. “To make a claim as to a relationship, you need other individuals from which you have obtained DNA, to make a comparison between the DNA sequences.”
Such DNA material would typically come from parents or grandparents. With female mummies, the most common type of DNA to look for is the mitochondrial DNA that reveals maternal lineage, said Woodward.
This recent, undated photo released Wednesday June 27, 2007 by Discovery Channel shows an X ray image of the ᴍᴜᴍᴍʏ of Pharaoh Queen Hatshepsut at the Egyptian museum in Cairo, Egypt. Egyptian authorities using DNA from a tooth identified Wednesday a ᴍᴜᴍᴍʏ found a century ago as the remains of pharaoh Queen Hatshepsut.
The ᴍᴜᴍᴍʏ was discovered in Egypt’s Valley of the Kings burial ground in 1903, but had not been identified as that of the queen and was left on site until two months ago when it was brought to the Cairo Museum for testing, said Egypt’s antiquities chief Zahi Hawass. (AP Photo/Discovery Channel /HO)
“What possible other mummies are out there, they would have to be related to Hatshepsut …” Woodward said. “It’s a difficult process but the recovery of DNA from 18th Dynasty mummies is certainly possible.”
Molecular biologist Paul Evans of the Brigham Young University in Provo, Utah, said the discovery could indeed be remarkable.“Hatshepsut is an individual who has a unique place in Egypt’s history. To have her identified is on the same magnitude as King Tut’s discovery,” Evans told The Associated Press by phone from Utah.
Hatshepsut is believed to have stolen the throne from her young stepson, Thutmose III. Her rule of about 21 years was the longest among ancient Egyptian queens, ending in 1453 B.C.
Hatshepsut’s funerary temple is located in ancient Thebes, on the west bank of the Nile in today’s Luxor, a multi-collonaded sandstone temple built to serve as tribute to her power. Surrounding it are the Valley of Kings and the Valley of the Queens, the burial places of Egypt’s pharaohs and their wives.
